C++ Operators

Arithmetic Operators

C++ provides standard arithmetic operators to perform basic math operations:

• + Addition
• - Subtraction
• * Multiplication
• / Division
• % Modulus (remainder)

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to update the value of a variable based on its current value:

• = assigns a value
• += adds and assigns
• -= subtracts and assigns
• *= multiplies and assigns
• /= divides and assigns
• %= modulus and assigns

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a boolean result:

• == → equal to
• != → not equal to
• > → greater than
• < → less than
• >= → greater than or equal to
• <= → less than or equal to

Logical Operators

Used with bool types or conditions:

bool a = true, b = false;

cout << (a && b) << endl; // false
cout << (a || b) << endl; // true
cout << (!a) << endl;     // false

Increment/Decrement

int x = 5;
x++; // 6
++x; // 7
x--; // 6
--x; // 5

++x is pre-increment, x++ is post-increment.

--x is pre-decrement, x-- is post-decrement.

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators work at the binary level and perform operations on individual bits:

• & → AND
• | → OR
• ^ → XOR (exclusive OR)
• ~ → NOT (bitwise complement)
• << → Left shift
• >> → Right shift

These are especially useful in low-level programming, flags, and performance-critical code.

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