Kotlin Operators

Arithmetic Operators

val a = 10
val b = 3

println(a + b)  // 13
println(a - b)  // 7
println(a * b)  // 30
println(a / b)  // 3
println(a % b)  // 1

Assignment Operators

var x = 5
x += 2  // x = 7
x -= 1  // x = 6
x *= 3  // x = 18
x /= 2  // x = 9
x %= 4  // x = 1

Comparison Operators

val x = 5
val y = 8

println(x == y)  // false
println(x != y)  // true
println(x > y)   // false
println(x < y)   // true
println(x >= 5)  // true
println(y <= 8)  // true

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used with boolean values:

val age = 20
val hasID = true

val canEnter = (age >= 18) && hasID
val isChild = age < 13 || !hasID

println(canEnter)  // true
println(isChild)   // false

String Concatenation

Use + to concatenate strings:

Identity vs Equality

Kotlin provides two different operators to compare values:

• == checks structural equality — whether two values have the same content. Internally, it calls the equals() method.
• === checks referential identity — whether two references point to the exact same object in memory.

Here’s how they behave in practice:

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